path: root/gtwiwtg.lisp

(in-package :gtwiwtg)

(declaim (optimize (speed 3)))

;;; Generator Protocol ;;;

;; None of the following are meant to be called directly by users of the library.

(defgeneric next (gen)
  (:documentation "Returns the next value of the generator GEN, if
  available. Unspecified behavior if the GEN has been exhausted."))

(defgeneric has-next-p (gen)
  (:documentation "Returns true if next can be called on the generator GEN."))

(defgeneric stop (gen)
  (:documentation "Explicitly stops the generator. Specialize :after
  methods to implement any clean up that needs to be done when the
  generator has been consumed."))

;;; Base Generator Class ;;; 

(defclass generator! ()
  ((dirty-p
    :accessor dirty-p
    :initform nil
    :documentation "Indicates whether or not this generator has
    generated any values yet, or if it should behave as if it has.")
   (stopped-p
    :accessor stopped-p
    :initform nil
    :documentation "Indicates whether or not this generator has been
    explicitly stopped. All consumers explicitly stop the generators
    they consume.")))

(defmethod stop ((g generator!))
  (setf (stopped-p g) t))

(defmethod has-next-p :around ((g generator!))
  (unless (stopped-p g) (call-next-method)))

(defun make-dirty (g) (setf (dirty-p g) t))

;;; Utility Class Builder ;;; 

(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  (defun make-keyword (symb)
    (intern (symbol-name symb) 'keyword)))

(defmacro a-generator-class (name supers &body slots)
  `(defclass ,name ,(cons 'generator! supers)
     ,(mapcar (lambda (def)
                 (if (consp def)
                     `(,(car def)
                        :initarg ,(make-keyword (car def))
                        :initform ,(second def))
                     `(,def :initarg ,(make-keyword def)
                            :initform nil)))
               slots)))

;;; Generator Classes ;;; 

(a-generator-class range-backed-generator! ()
  (at 0) to (by 1) (comparator #'<))

(defmethod has-next-p ((g range-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (to comparator by at) g
    (or (not to)
          (funcall comparator
                   (+ by at)
                   to))))

(defmethod next ((g range-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (at by) g
    (incf at by)
    at))

(a-generator-class sequence-backed-generator! ()
  sequence index)

(defmethod has-next-p ((g sequence-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (index sequence) g
    (< index (1- (length sequence)))))

(defmethod next ((g sequence-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (index sequence) g
    (incf index)
    (elt sequence index)))

(a-generator-class list-backed-generator! ()
  list)

(defmethod has-next-p ((g list-backed-generator!))
  (consp (slot-value g 'list)))

(defmethod next ((g list-backed-generator!))
  (pop (slot-value g 'list)))

(a-generator-class thunk-backed-generator! ()
  next-p-fn
  next-fn
  stop-fn)

(defmethod has-next-p ((g thunk-backed-generator!))
  (funcall (slot-value g 'next-p-fn) ))

(defmethod next ((g thunk-backed-generator!))
  (funcall (slot-value g 'next-fn)))

(defmethod stop :after ((g thunk-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (stop-fn) g
    (when stop-fn
      (funcall stop-fn))))

(a-generator-class stream-backed-generator! ()
  stream reader)

(defmethod has-next-p ((g stream-backed-generator!))
  (open-stream-p (slot-value g 'stream)))

(defmethod next ((g stream-backed-generator!))
  (with-slots (reader stream) g
    (let ((read-value (funcall reader stream)))
      (unless read-value
        (close stream))
      read-value)))

(defmethod stop :after ((g stream-backed-generator!))
  (close (slot-value g 'stream)))         

(a-generator-class filtered-generator! ()
  (on-deck (list))
  (source-generator (error "filtered generator must have a source"))
  (predicate (error "filtered generator must have a predicate")))

(defmethod next ((gen filtered-generator!))
  (pop (slot-value gen 'on-deck)))

(defmethod has-next-p ((gen filtered-generator!))
  (with-slots (source-generator predicate on-deck) gen
    (or on-deck 
        (loop :while (has-next-p source-generator)
              :for candidate = (next source-generator)
              :when (funcall predicate candidate)
                :do (push candidate on-deck)
                    (return t)
              :finally (return nil)))))

(defmethod stop :after ((gen filtered-generator!))
  (stop (slot-value gen 'source-generator)))


(a-generator-class resumable-generator! ()
  already-resumed-p
  (wrapped (error "Resumable generators must wrap another generator")))

(defmethod next ((gen resumable-generator!))
  (next (slot-value gen 'wrapped)))

(defmethod has-next-p ((gen resumable-generator!))
  (gtwiwtg::has-next-p (slot-value gen 'wrapped)))

;;; CONSTRUCTORS

(defun range (&key (from 0) to (by 1) inclusive)
  "Create a generator that produces a series of numbers between FROM
and TO with a step size of BY.

When INCLUSIVE is non NIL, then TO will be produced by the generator
if it would be the last member of generate series.  

E.g. 

> (collect (range :to 10))
 
 (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) 

> (collect (range :to 10 :inclusive t))

 (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

> (collect (range :to 10 :by 2 :inclusive t))

 (0 2 4 6 8 10)

> (collect (range :to 10 :by 3 :inclusive t))

 (0 3 6 9)

If TO is NIL, then the generator produces an infinite series of
values.
"
  (let ((comparator (if (plusp by)
                        (if inclusive #'<= #'<)
                        (if inclusive #'>= #'>))))
    (make-instance 'range-backed-generator!
                   :comparator comparator
                   :at (- from by)
                   :to to
                   :by by)))

(defun times (n)
  "Shorthand for (RANGE :TO N)"
  (range :to n))

(defun seq (sequence &key (start 0))
  "Turns a sequecne (a list, vector, string, etc) into a
generator. The resulting generator will generate exactly the members
of the sequence."
  (assert (typep sequence 'sequence))
  (if (consp sequence)
      (make-instance 'list-backed-generator!
                     :list (nthcdr start sequence))
      (make-instance 'sequence-backed-generator!
                     :sequence sequence
                     :index (1- start))))

(defun from-thunk-until (thunk &key (until (constantly nil)) clean-up)
  "Creates a generator that produces a series of values by successively
calling (FUNCALL THUNK).  The iterator stops whenever (FUNCALL UNTIL)
is non null.

If a CLEAN-UP thunk is supplied, it will be run after the consumption
of the new generator has finished. (Consumers are forms like FOR,
COLLECT, FOLD, and so on.)

By default, UNTIL is the function (CONSTANTLY NIL). I.e. it will
generate forever."
  (assert (and (every #'functionp (list thunk until))
               (or (null clean-up) (functionp clean-up))))
  (make-instance 'thunk-backed-generator! 
                 :stop-fn clean-up
                 :next-p-fn (complement until)
                 :next-fn thunk))


(defun from-thunk (thunk)
  "Creates a generator that produces an inifinte series of values that
are the return value of (FUNCALL THUNK). 

If you need to create a stopping condition on your thunk-backed
generator, see FROM-THUNK-UNTIL."
  (from-thunk-until thunk))


(defun from-thunk-times (thunk times)
  "Creates a generator that produces its values by calling 
  (FUNCALL THUNK) exactly TIMES times."
  (let ((thunk-proxy (lambda (ignore) (declare (ignore ignore)) (funcall thunk))))
    (map! thunk-proxy (times times))))

(defun from-recurrence (rec n-1 &rest n-m)
  "Creates a generator from a recurrence relation.

REC is a function of M arguments.

The Nth value of the series generated by the new generator is the result of
calling REC on the previoius M results.

N-1 and N-M are used to initialize the recurrence. (1+ (LENGTH N-M))
should be M, the number of arguments acepted by REC.

Example

> (let ((fibs (from-recurrence #'+ 1 0)))
     (take 10 fibs))

(1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89)

"
  (let* ((history (cons n-1 n-m))
         (thunk  (lambda ()
                   (let ((nth (apply rec history)))
                     (setf history (cons nth (butlast history)))
                     nth))))
    (from-thunk thunk)))


(defun repeater (&rest args)
  "Creates a generator that produces an infinite series consisting in
the the values of ARGS looped forever."
  (let ((state (copy-list args)))
    (from-thunk
     (lambda ()
       (unless state
         (setf state (copy-list args)))
       (pop state)))))


(defun noise (&optional (arg 1.0))
  "Creates a generator that produces an infinite series of random
  numbers that are the result of calling (RANDOM ARG)."
  (from-thunk (lambda () (random arg))))


(defun from-input-stream (stream stream-reader)
  "Create a generator from a STREAM.

You must supply as STREAM-READER function that accepts the stream as
its only argument and returns NIL when the stream has run out of data,
Non-NIL otherwise.

The new generator will return NIL as its final generated value..

Consumers of the new generator (forms like FOR, FOLD, COLLECT, and so
on) will ensure that the stream is properly closed - you don't need to
worry.  If, however, you create a stream-backed-generator but do not
actually consume it, then the stream will not be properly closed.
Always consume your generators by passing them to a consumer!

Here is an example:

 (take 2 (from-input-stream
          (open \"hey.txt\")
          (lambda (s) (read-char s nil nil))))

 (#\\h #\\e)

"
  (make-instance 'stream-backed-generator!
                 :stream stream
                 :reader stream-reader))


(defun file-lines (file)
  "Creates a generator that produces the lines of a file. See
  FROM-INPUT-STREAM for more details about stream-backed-generators.

FILE is  a path to a file.

The last generated value of the returned generator will be NIL.
"
  (from-input-stream (open file)
                     (lambda (stream) (read-line stream nil nil))))

(defun file-chars (file)
  "Creates a generator that produces the characters of a file. The
stream to the file is closed when the generator finishes.

FILE is  a path to a file.

The last generated value of the returned generator will be NIL.
"
  (from-input-stream (open file)
                     (lambda (stream) (read-char stream nil nil))))

(defun file-bytes (file)
  "Creates a generator that produces the bytes of a file. The
stream to the file is closed when the generator finishes.

FILE is  a path to a file.

The last generated value of the returned generator will be NIL.
"
  (from-input-stream (open file :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8))
                     (lambda (stream) (read-byte stream nil nil))))

;;; Some assertion tests

(defun all-different (things)
  (= (length things) (length (remove-duplicates things))))

(defun all-clean (gens)
  (every (complement #'dirty-p) gens))

(defun all-good (gens)
  (and (all-clean gens) (all-different gens)))

(defun sully-when-clean (gens)
  (assert (all-good gens))
  (dolist (g gens) (make-dirty g)))

;;; MODIFIERS and COMBINATORS

(defun resumablep (gen)
  (typep gen 'resumable-generator! ))

(defun can-be-resumed-p (gen)
  (and  (resumablep gen)
        (not (slot-value gen 'already-resumed-p))
        (stopped-p gen)))

(defun make-resumable! (gen)
  "Makes a generator resumable. 

> (defvar *foobar* (make-resumable! (range)))
*FOOBAR*

> (take 10 *foobar*)
(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)

> (setf *foobar* (resume! *foobar*))

> (take 10 *foobar*)
(10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19)
"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (:let ((rr (make-resumable! (range))))
     (:do (take 10 rr))
     (:do (setf rr (resume! rr)))
     (equal (take 10 rr)
            '(10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19)))
   (:fails (make-resumable! (make-resumable! (range)))))
  (assert (not (resumablep gen)) () "The generator is already resumable.")
  (sully-when-clean (list gen))
  (make-instance 'resumable-generator! :wrapped gen))

(defun resume! (resumable)
  "Resumes a resumable generator.  Creates a new generator from
RESUMABLE.  

A particular resumable generator instance can only be resumed
once. Here is how you would resume a generator several times:

> (defvar *foobar* (make-resumable! (range)))
*FOOBAR*

> (take 10 *foobar*)
(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)

> (defvar *new-foobar* (resume! *foobar*))

> (defvar *wont-work* (resume! *foobar*)) ;; THROWS AN ERROR

> (take 10 *new-foobar*)
(10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19)

;; but *new-foobar* can be resumed
> (setf *new-foobar* (resume! *new-foobar*))
"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (:let ((rr (make-resumable! (range))))
     (:do (take 10 rr))
     (:do (setf rr (resume! rr)))
     (equal (take 10 rr)
            '(10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19)))
   (:fails (resume! (times 10))))
  :end
  (assert (can-be-resumed-p resumable))
  (setf (slot-value resumable 'already-resumed-p) t)
  (make-instance 'resumable-generator! :wrapped (slot-value resumable 'wrapped)))

(defun map! (map-fn gen &rest gens)
  "Maps a function over a number of generators, returning a generator
that produces values that result from calling MAP-FN on those
generators' values, in sequence.

The resulting generator will stop producing values as soon as any one
of the source generators runs out of arguments to pass to
MAP-FN. I.e. The new generator is as long as the shortest argument.

Error Conditions:
 - If any of the generators compare EQL an error will be signalled
 - If any of the generators have been used elsewhere, an error will be signalled.
"
  (let ((all-gens (list* gen gens)))
    (sully-when-clean all-gens)
    (from-thunk-until
     (lambda ()
       (apply map-fn (mapcar #'next all-gens)))
     :until
     (lambda ()
       (some (complement #'has-next-p) all-gens)) ; when at least one has no next value
     :clean-up
     (lambda ()
       (dolist (g all-gens) (stop g))))))

(defun filter! (pred gen)
  "Creats a generator that generates the values of GEN for which PRED is non null.

Error Condition:
 - If GEN has been used elsewhere, an error will be signalled.
"
  (sully-when-clean (list gen))
  (make-instance 'filtered-generator! :predicate pred :source-generator gen))


(defun inflate! (fn gen &key extra-cleanup)
  "FN is expected to be a function that accepts elements of GEN and
returns a new generator.  

The generator (INFLATE! FN GEN) generates each element of an
intermediate generator (FN X) for each X generated by GEN.

When a thunk is supplied to EXTRA-CLEANUP, then that thunk will be
called when the inflated generator is stopped. EXTRA-CLEANUP exists
for the case when FN returns generators that are not being created
within the body of FN, but are merely being \"looked up\" somehow. See
the implementation of CONCAT! for an example.

Here is an example:

> (let ((keys (seq '(:name :occupation :hobbies)))
        (vals (seq '(\"buckaroo banzai\" 
                     \"rocker\" 
                     (\"neuroscience\" \"particle physics\" \"piloting fighter jets\")))))
     (collect (inflate! #'seq (zip! keys vals))))

 (:NAME \"buckaroo banzai\" 
  :OCCUPATION \"rocker\" 
  :HOBBIES (\"neuroscience\" \"particle physics\" \"piloting fighter jets\"))

Error Conditions:
 - If GEN has been used elsewhere, an error will be signalled.
"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (:let ((keys
            (seq '(:name :occupation :hobbies)))
          (vals
            (seq '("Buckaroo Banzai"
                   "Rocker"
                   ("Neuroscience" "Particle Physics" "Piloting Fighter Jets")))))
     (equal
      (collect (inflate! #'seq (zip! keys vals)))
      '(:name "Buckaroo Banzai"
        :occupation "Rocker"
        :hobbies ("Neuroscience" "Particle Physics" "Piloting Fighter Jets")))))
  (sully-when-clean (list gen))  
  (if (not (has-next-p gen))
      (progn
        (setf (dirty-p gen) nil)
        gen) 
      (let ((sub-gen (funcall fn (next gen))))
        (from-thunk-until
         (lambda () (next sub-gen))
         
         :until
         (lambda ()
           (loop
              :until (has-next-p sub-gen)
              :while (has-next-p gen)
              :do
                (stop sub-gen)
                (setf sub-gen (funcall fn (next gen))))
           
           ;; the 'until' thunk must return t when we should stop generating
           ;; hence:
           (not (or (has-next-p sub-gen)
                    (has-next-p gen))))

         :clean-up
         (lambda ()
           (stop gen)
           (when sub-gen (stop sub-gen))
           (when extra-cleanup (funcall extra-cleanup)))))))


(defun concat! (gen &rest gens)
  "Returns a generator that is the concatenation of the generators
passed as arguments.

Error Conditions:
 - If any of the generators compare EQL, an error will be signalled.
 - If any of the generators has been used elsewhere, an error will be sigalled.
"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal
    '(1 2 3 a b c :e :f :g)
    (collect (concat! (range :from 1 :to 4)
                      (seq '(a b c))
                      (seq '(:e :f :g))))))
  (sully-when-clean (cons gen gens))
  (inflate! #'identity (seq (cons gen gens))
            ;; in the case that not all arguments are consumed,
            ;; explicitly stop each one at clean-up time.
            :extra-cleanup (lambda () 
                             (dolist (g (cons gen gens)) (stop g)))))

(defun zip! (gen &rest gens)
  "Is a shortcut for (MAP! #'LIST GEN1 GEN2 ...)"
  (apply #'map! #'list gen gens))

(defun indexed! (gen)
  "Is shorthand for (ZIP! (RANGE) GEN)"
  (zip! (range) gen))


(defun merge! (comparator gen1 gen2 &rest gens)
  "Emulates the behavior of MERGE (in the ANSI standard), but for generators.

The emulation is not perfect, but it holds in the following sense: If
all the inputs are sorted according to COMPARATOR then the output will
also be sorted according to COMPARATOR.

The generator created through a merge has a length that is the sum of
the lengths of the arguments to MERGE!. Hence, if any of the arguments
is an infinite generator, then the new generator is also infinite.

An example:

> (collect (merge! #'< 
                  (times 4) 
                  (range :from 4 :to 10 :by 2)
                  (range :from -10 :to 28 :by 6)))

 (-10 -4 0 1 2 2 3 4 6 8 8 14 20 26)

Error Conditions:
 - If any of the generators compare EQL, an error will be signalled.
 - If any of the generators have been used elsewhere, an error will be signalled.
"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal
    '(-10 -4 0 1 2 2 3 4 6 8 8 14 20 26)
    (collect
        (merge! #'<
                (times 4)
                (range :from 4 :to 10 :by 2)
                (range :from -10 :to 28 :by 6)))))
  (let ((all-gens (list* gen1 gen2 gens)))
    (sully-when-clean all-gens)
    (from-thunk-until
     (lambda ()
       (let ((vals (mapcar #'next all-gens)))
         (setq vals (sort vals comparator))

         (setf all-gens
               (delete-if-not #'has-next-p
                              (nconc (when (cdr vals) (list (seq (cdr vals))))
                                     all-gens)))
         (car vals)))

     :until
     (lambda ()
       (null all-gens))

     :clean-up
     (lambda ()
       (dolist (g all-gens) (stop g))))))


(defun intersperse! (gen1 gen2 &rest gens)
  "Produces a generator that intersperses one value from each of its
argument generators, one after the other, until any of those
generators run out of values.

Examples:

> (intersperse! (seq '(:name :job :hobbies))
                (seq '(\"buckaroo banzai\" 
                       \"rocker\" 
                       (\"neuroscience\" 
                        \"particle physics\"
                        \"flying fighter jets\"))))

> (collect *)

 (:NAME \"buckaroo banzai\" :JOB \"rocker\" :HOBBIES
  (\"neuroscience\" \"particle physics\" \"flying fighter jets\"))

> (intersperse! (times 5) (repeater 'a 'b 'c) (range :by -10))

> (collect *)

 (0 A 0 1 B -10 2 C -20 3 A -30 4 B -40)
 "
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal
    '(:NAME "buckaroo banzai" :JOB "rocker" :HOBBIES
      ("neuroscience" "particle physics" "flying fighter jets"))
    (collect 
        (intersperse! (seq '(:name :job :hobbies))
                      (seq '("buckaroo banzai" 
                             "rocker" 
                             ("neuroscience" 
                              "particle physics"
                              "flying fighter jets")))))))
  (inflate! #'seq (apply #'zip! gen1 gen2 gens)))

(defun truncate! (n gen)
  "Shrinks a generator to generate a series of at most N values."
  (map! #'first (zip! gen (times n))))

(defun inject! (fn gen)
  "Injects an effect into a generator. Use this to add a side-effect
to the value generation process.

Under most circumstances, the new generator produces exactly the same
values as GEN. If, however, the values generated by GEN are being
looked up in some remote memory location, and if FN is mutating that
memory, then the new generator may produce different values.

Possibly good for debugging.

Example: 

> (map! #'reverse
        (inject! #'print ; look at values before they're reversed
                 (zip! (range)
                       (repeater :cool :beans)
                       (seq \"banzai!\"))))

> (collect *)

 (0 :COOL #\b)     ;these are printed to stdout
 (1 :BEANS #\a) 
 (2 :COOL #\n) 
 (3 :BEANS #\z) 
 (4 :COOL #\a) 
 (5 :BEANS #\i) 

 ((#\b :COOL 0)  ; and this is what collect returns
  (#\a :BEANS 1) 
  (#\n :COOL 2) 
  (#\z :BEANS 3) 
  (#\a :COOL 4)
  (#\i :BEANS 5))

"
  (map! (lambda (x) (funcall fn x) x) gen))

;;; CONSUMERS

(defmacro with-generator ((var gen) &body body)
  "Use this if you absolutely must manually call NEXT and
HAS-NEXT-P. It will ensure that the generator bound to VAR will be
stopped and cleaned up properly."
  `(let ((,var ,gen))
     (assert (typep ,var 'gtwiwtg::generator!))
     (unwind-protect (progn ,@body)
       (stop ,var))))

(defmacro for (var-exp gen &body body)
  "The basic generator consumer.

VAR-EXP can be either a symbol, or a form suitable for using as the
binding form in a DESTRUCTURING-BIND.

GEN is an expression that should evaluate to a generator.

BODY is a list of any forms you like. These forms will be evaluated
for each value produced by GEN.

FOR akes care of running any clean up that the generator
requires. E.g. If the generator is backed by an open stream, the
stream will be closed. E.g. If the generator was built using
FROM-THUNK-UNTIL, then the CLEAN-UP thunk will be run before FOR
exits.

Every other consumer is built on top of FOR, and hence, every other
consumer will also perform clean up.

Example:

 (for (x y) (zip! (repeater 'a 'b 'c) (times 5))
   (format t \"~a -- ~a~%\" x y))

A -- 0
B -- 1
A -- 2
B -- 3
A -- 4

"
  (let* ((gen-var (gensym "generator!"))
         (expr-body (if (consp var-exp)
                       `(destructuring-bind ,var-exp (next ,gen-var) ,@body)
                       `(let ((,var-exp (next ,gen-var))) ,@body))))
    `(let ((,gen-var ,gen))
       (assert (typep ,gen-var 'gtwiwtg::generator!))
       (unwind-protect 
            (loop
               :while (has-next-p ,gen-var)
               :do
                 ,expr-body))
       (stop ,gen-var))))

(defmacro fold ((acc init-val) (var-exp gen) expr)
  "The accumulating generator consumer.

ACC is a symbol and INIT-VAL is any lisp expression.  ACC is where
intermediate results are accmulated. INIT-VAL is evaluated to
initialize ACC.

VAR-EXP can be either a symbol, or a form suitable for using as the
binding form in DESTRUCTURING-BIND.

GEN is an expression that should evaluate to a generator.

EXPR is a sigle lisp expression the value of which becomes bound to
ACC on each iteration.

When iteration has concluded, ACC becomes the value of the FOLD form.

Example: standard summing

> (fold (sum 0) (x (times 10)) (+ sum x))

45

Example: a usless calculation

> (fold (acc 0)
        ((x y) (zip! (times 10) (range :by -1)))
        (sqrt (+ acc (* x y))))

 #C(0.444279 8.986663)

Example: building data 

> (fold (plist nil) 
        ((key val)
         (zip! (seq '(:name :occupation :hobbies))
               (seq '(\"buckaroo banzai\" 
                      \"rocker\" 
                      (\"neuroscience\" \"particle physics\" \"piloting fighter jets\")))))
         (cons key (cons val plist)))

 (:HOBBIES (\"neuroscience\" \"particle physics\" \"piloting fighter jets\")
  :OCCUPATION \"rocker\" :NAME \"buckaroo banzai\")

 "
  `(let ((,acc ,init-val))
     (for ,var-exp ,gen
       (setf ,acc ,expr))
     ,acc))

(defun collect (gen)
  "Consumes GEN by collecting its values into a list."
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal '(1 2 3 4) (collect (range :from 1 :to 4 :inclusive t)))   
   (equal '(1 2 3 4) (collect (range :from 1 :to 5)))
   (equal '((1 #\a) (2 #\b) (3 #\c))
          (collect (zip! (range :from 1) (seq "abc"))))
   (:is (null (collect (seq ())))))
  (nreverse (fold (xs nil) (x gen) (cons x xs))))

(defun take (n gen)
  "Consumes GEN by collecting its first N values into a list"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (:is (null (take 100 (seq ""))))
   (equal '() (take 10 (seq "asdf")))
   (equal '(#\a #\b #\c) (take 100 (seq "abc")))
   (equal '(#\a #\b) (take 2 (seq "abcdefg"))))
  (nreverse (fold (xs nil) (x (zip! gen (times n)))
                  (cons (car x) xs))))

(defun pick-out (indexes gen)
  "Consumes GEN by picking out certain members by their index.

INDEXES is a list of non-negative integers.

Returns a list of values from GEN such that each value was an element
of indexes."
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal '(101) (pick-out '(101)  (range)))
   (equal '(40 30 20)
          (pick-out '(3 2 1) (range :from 10 :by 10)))
   (:fails (pick-out () (range)))                 ; index list cannot be null
   (:fails (pick-out '(-10) (range))))             ; indices cannot be negative
  (assert (notany #'minusp indexes))
  (let ((acc (make-array (length indexes))))
    (for (x idx) (zip! gen (times (1+ (apply #'max indexes))))
      (when (member idx indexes)
        (loop
           :for i :below (length  indexes)
           :for idx2 :in indexes
           :when (= idx2 idx)
           :do (setf (aref acc i) x))))
    (concatenate 'list acc)))

(defun size (gen)
  "Consumes GEN by calculating its size."
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (= 0 (size (seq nil)))
   (= 3 (size (range :to 3))))
  (fold (n 0) (x (map! (constantly 1) gen)) (+ n x)))

(defun best (chooser gen)
  "Consumes GEN. CHOOSER is a function of two arguments that returns one
of them. Returns the member of GEN that is consistently chosen.
Chooser should be transitive. Returns NIL if GEN is empty."
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (= 4 (best #'max (range :to 5)))
   (= 5 (best #'max (range :to 5 :inclusive t))))
  (when (has-next-p gen)
    (fold (b (next gen)) (x gen)
          (funcall chooser b x))))

(defun maximum (gen)
  "Consumes GEN, returning its maximum value."
  (best #'max gen))

(defun minimum (gen)
  "Consumes GEN, returning its minimum value."
  (best #'min gen))

(defun average (gen)
  "Consumes GEN, returning its average value."
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (= 5/2 (average (range :from 1 :to 4 :inclusive t)))
   (:signals division-by-zero (average (seq nil))) 
   (:fails (average (seq "foo"))))                  
  (let ((sum 0)
        (count 0))
    (for x gen
      (incf sum x)
      (incf count))
    (/ sum count)))

(defun argmax (fn gen)
  "Consumes GEN. Returns a pair (X . VALUE) such that (FUNCALL FN X)
is maximal among the values of GEN.  VALUE is the value of (FUNCALL FN X)"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal '(-10 . 100)
          (argmax (lambda (x) (* x x))
                  (seq '(1 -10 3 4 -4)))))
  (fold (am nil)
        (arg gen)
        (let ((val (funcall fn arg)))
          (if (or (not am) (> val (cdr am)))
              (cons arg val)
              am))))

(defun argmin (fn gen)
    "Consumes GEN. Returns a pair (X . VALUE) such that (FUNCALL FN X)
is minimal among the values of GEN.  VALUE is the value of (FUNCALL FN X)"
  #+testiere
  (:tests
   (equal '(1 . 1)
          (argmin (lambda (x) (* x x))
                  (seq '(1 -10 3 4 -4)))))
  (fold (am nil)
        (arg gen)
        (let ((val (funcall fn arg)))
          (if (or (not am) (< val (cdr am)))
              (cons arg val)
              am))))